The US is seeking to ban certain hardware and software made in China and Russia from cars, trucks and buses over security risks.
The Commerce Department has said it was planning a ban on the sale of connected and autonomous vehicles in the US that are equipped with Chinese and Russian software and hardware, with the stated goal of protecting national security and US drivers.
While there is minimal Chinese and Russian software deployed in the US, the issue is more complicated for hardware.
There are more Chinese parts on US vehicles than software, and software can be changed much faster than physical parts.
Replacing hardware also could require complex engineering and assembly line changes.
That is why Commerce officials said the prohibitions on the software would take effect for the 2027 model year and the prohibitions on hardware would take effect for the model year of 2030, or January 1 2029, for units without a model year.
The measure announced on Monday is proactive but critical, the agency said, given that all the bells and whistles in cars like microphones, cameras, GPS tracking and Bluetooth technology could make Americans more vulnerable to bad actors and potentially expose personal information, from the home address of drivers, to where their children go to school.
In extreme situations, a foreign adversary could shut down or take simultaneous control of multiple vehicles operating in the US, causing crashes and blocking roads, US Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo told reporters on a call on Sunday.
“This is not about trade or economic advantage,” Ms Raimondo said. “This is a strictly national security action. The good news is right now, we don’t have many Chinese or Russian cars on our road.”
But Ms Raimondo said Europe and other regions in the world where Chinese vehicles have become commonplace very quickly should serve as “a cautionary tale” for the US.
Security concerns around the extensive software-driven functions in Chinese vehicles have arisen in Europe, where Chinese electric cars have rapidly gained market share.
Imported Chinese-owned vehicle brands had 7.6% of the market for electric vehicles in Europe in 2023, more than doubling from 2.9% in 2020, according to the European Automobile Manufacturers’ Association.
The share of all electric vehicles imported from China is still higher when Western-owned brands manufactured in China, such as BMW and Tesla are included – some 21.7%.
“Who controls these data flows and software updates is a far from trivial question, the answers to which encroach on matters of national security, cybersecurity, and individual privacy,” Janka Oertel, director of the Asia program at the European Council on Foreign Relations, wrote on the council’s website.
Vehicles are now “mobility platforms” that monitor driver and passenger behaviour and track their surroundings.
A senior administration official said that it is clear from terms of service contracts included with the technology that data from vehicles ends up in China.
Ms Raimondo said that the US will not wait until its roads are populated with Chinese or Russian cars.
“We’re issuing a proposed rule to address these new national security threats before suppliers, automakers and car components linked to China or Russia become commonplace and widespread in the US automotive sector,” she said.
It is difficult to know when China could reach that level of saturation, a senior administration official said, but the Commerce Department says China hopes to enter the US market and several Chinese companies have already announced plans to enter the automotive software space.
The Commerce Department added Russia to the regulations since the country is trying to “breathe new life into its auto industry,” senior administration officials said on the call.
The proposed rule would prohibit the import and sale of vehicles with Russia and China-manufactured software and hardware that would allow the vehicle to communicate externally through Bluetooth, cellular, satellite or Wi-Fi modules.
It would also prohibit the sale or import of software components made in Russia or the People’s Republic of China that collectively allow a highly autonomous vehicle to operate without a driver behind the wheel.
The ban would include vehicles made in the US using Chinese and Russian technology.
The proposed rule would apply to all vehicles, but would exclude those not used on public roads, such as agricultural or mining vehicles.
US automakers said they share the government’s national security goal, but at present there is little connected vehicle hardware or software coming to the US supply chain from China.
Yet the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, a large industry group, said the new rules will make some automakers scramble for new parts suppliers.
“You can’t just flip a switch and change the world’s most complex supply chain overnight,” John Bozzella, the alliance’s chief executive, said in a statement.
The lead time in the new rules will be long enough for some automakers to make the changes, “but may be too short for others,” Mr Bozzella said.
Commerce officials met with all the major auto companies around the world while it drafted the proposed rule to better understand supply chain networks, according to senior administration officials, and also met with a variety of industry associations.
